Christianity And The Fall Of The Western Roman Empire

In my Theatre of History class, we briefly discussed Rome and the fall of the Western Roman Empire as it related to theatre but I was intrigued to learn more. It didn’t seem sensible that the fall of the Western Empire would be placed, even a little, on the rise of Christianity during that time. It didn’t seem sensible for two reasons. The first reason is that Jesus Christ, in whom the Christians believed, had been born, lived, and crucified over 400 years before the Empire fell. His lifetime spanned only until the second emperor of the Roman Empire, before Rome’s crooked ways became noticeable and uncontrollable. The second reason is because the Western Roman Empire that fell was officially, as declared by an emperor, a Christian Rome. In this paper I will present and argue the many contributing factors of Rome’s demise, and answer the question was Christianity responsible for the decline of theatre as a practice in the Western Roman Empire and ultimatel y its fall? The question of whether or not Christianity was responsible for the fall of the Western Roman Empire is one that has been argued by scholars for centuries. The most famous of these scholars, 18th century English historian Edward Gibbon, placed the blame ultimately on a loss of civic virtue among the Roman citizens. Gibbon, who notoriously openly criticized organized religion , held that Christianity contributed to this shift by making the populace less interested in the worldly here-and-now and moreShow MoreRelatedJustinian And The Byzantine Empire1568 Words   |  7 PagesByzantine Empire. Although it is currently referred to as the Byzantine Empire, many citizens and leaders, including Justinian, considered themselves to be Roman and part of the Roman Empire. This mentality led to the revival of the Roman Empire in Byzantine and in its capital, Constantinople. During his rule, Justinian led the empire to its greatest size both in the amount of controlled land and influence over groups in Europe and Asia. He also contributed to the spread of Christianity both withinRead MoreThe Early Middle Ages And Early Medieval Period Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdivided the empire into two empires: the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire. The transition into the late antiquity period was characterized by a sharp decline in population as a result of plagues, pandemics and war. Along with death comes spirituality; during this time there was a steady decline in older religions, traditions and rituals, which resulted in significant changes in spirituality. Multiple religions emerged, the most significant being Christianity, whichRead MoreThe Roman Empire: What Went Wrong?1253 Words   |  6 Pages300I The Roman Empire: What went wrong? Rome was founded as a small farming town in 753 BC. It grew to a vast empire that enveloped the whole Mediterranean Sea. It spanned from the western shores of what is now Portugal, to as far as the modern day Persian Gulf to the east. It remained as the world’s largest and most powerful empire in the ancient world for about 1100 years. But by 476 AD, the stress of war and the multiple sackings of Rome proved too much for the once mighty empire. There haveRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was a powerful governing body of extensive political and social structures throughout western civilization. How did this empire fall and were internal factories responsible? Slow occurrences in succession to one another led to the fall of the empire rather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, not just one, leading up to the complete decay of the cities—Rome and C onstantinople. However, one could argue how oneRead MoreThe Decline Of The Roman Empire1463 Words   |  6 PagesWhat were the most important reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire? Why? The fall of the Western Roman Empire is a very broad topic because there were a multitude of continuous events that led to the disappearance of one of the most legendary empires of the world. The seemingly unstoppable Roman Empire would fall due to the fact that many aspects that made Rome such a dominant empire began to fade. Rome was the center of the world and the thought that such a power in the world could decreaseRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire950 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Empire was undoubtedly the most powerful Empire the Mediterranean area had ever seen. However, the inevitable Roman Empire was destined to fall after the series of problems that made the once prominent empire fade away. Rome was easily the center of the world at its time and the idea that such an influentia l empire would eventually fall was unheard of. The Roman Empire was not built in a day; therefore it was not destroyed in one day. The powerful empire declined for many reasons, but theRead MoreHistory And Advances Of The Christian Church Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaningful events to develop an answer to â€Å"who,† â€Å"what,† and â€Å"why† there is a transcendent God. This composition will focus the historical-social context, ecclesial context, and modifications to the Church that occurred from three critical events; Fall of the Roman Empire, World War II, and the Celebration of the Holy Year by Pope John Paul II. The selected episodes are key in the history of the development of the church and provide insights of the church- politically, socially, and more importantly, religiouslyRead MoreThe Fall Of Rome During The Twentieth Century904 Words   |  4 Pagesdebated over the question of the Fall of Rome for centuries. Until the late twentieth century , no one argued against the commonly held belief that Rome had been taken over by â€Å"barbarians† through violent and bloody invasions. Everyone assumed that the Roman people and the Barbarians where hostile toward one another. Others thought that Rome never fell and that the Germanic people gave it a new sense of life. But recently scholars have come to argue that the â€Å"fall† of Rome had come about more peacefullyRead MoreThe Rise Of The Middle Ages Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesway to the rise of the Carolingian empire. I would argue the characteristics of the middle ages include a real shift in culture and religion, while seeing the dominant influence that Christianity had on culture. Personally, I think that the reign of the emperor Constantine is what really began the shift into the middle ages. Under Constantine, we see a transformation of religion, culture and politics. In the centuries leading up to Constantine, the Roman Empire was having many ups and downs. TheRead MoreCauses of the Fall of the Roman Empire Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesFor a long period of time, Rome seemed like an unstoppable empire. It conquered the majority of the land surrounding it, including Greece, Turkey, Iraq, and many of its other neighboring countries. It seemed as though Rome would conquer the entire world, as it was the center of it, until it began to decline in 476 C.E. The very aspects that made it so successful were the ones that caused its collapse. Various political, religious, and economic reasons caused its downfall. The fact that the entire

Aeneid Analysis - 789 Words

Aeneid By Virgil Written 19 B.C.E Translated by John Dryden Analysis Jazymn Talley SNHU Analysis The intention of Virgil s poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire. Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer s Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Much of Roman culture is modeled after or inspired by the Greeks, especially the arts. Roman art, writings, religion, and celebrations were on the rise as they experienced a time of rest, enabling them to develop a rich, eclectic culture. The Roman nation s origins are very pedestrian in comparison to Virgil s poem. The Romans were governed by the Etruscan nation between 750 BC and 250 BC (Time Maps, 2012). The Etruscan governing and†¦show more content†¦The poem does not mention their Etruscan roots. After the Romans conquered the Greek settlement in southern Italy, Greek culture was fully assimilated. The Greeks had honed their crafts and established set standards for creativity. Homer s poems come from a Bardic tradition in which there lies a surplus of creativity (Geoffrey S. Krik, 2012). Early Roman traditional storytelling was less abstract. Many of their stories were of humble farmers or military men rising in power. Overall, the Roman nation believed they were bound for greatness (Kishlansky, Geary, O Brien, 2008). Homer s writings, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are tales of two nations in turmoil as their Gods manipulated the actions of Man (Homer, Translated by Butler, 00-10 amp; Murry, 00-11). Virgil s writing is a continuation of this epic, but its focus is on the surviving Trojan warriors and the founding of Rome. Virgil wrote this poem in the time of peace among the Roman civilans. Roman peaceful times were sporadic, but these time were due to competent leaders such as Augustus and Octavtian (Kishlansky, Geary, O Brien, 2008). . And must the Trojans reign in Italy? So Fate will have it, and Jove adds his force; Nor can my pow r divert their happy course (Virgil, 19 B.C.E). The Roman people were able to cultivate their creativity at thes e restful moments. Virgil combined Roman pragmatism with GreekShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Virgil s The Aeneid 996 Words   |  4 PagesAeneas illustrates the concept of pietas in Virgil’s epic, The Aeneid in several different ways. Pietas is one’s own devotion to public duty or virtue and is only attainable through personal suffering and loss. The center of Aeneas’ pietas is his duty, to find Rome, which goes onto become a great empire. He has a few different things that motivate him; one of these things are that Rome is to be passed down to his son, another is his devotion to the gods. Though Virgil is very duty bound he may getRead MoreAnalysis Of The Confessions In Homers Aeneid1082 Words   |  5 Pages In the Confessions, Augustine formulates his argument by self-consciously integrating methods of rhetoric used in Homer’s Aeneid. With this and his own style of writing, he is successfully able to narrate his life and demonstrate his captivity from the concupiscence that dominated his life. Augustine shares this road of conversion to Christianity effectively by incorporating aspects of epic style and putting language at the center of his Confessions. Through including different devices and influencesRead MoreComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Analysis of the Aeneid, Odyssey, and Iliad The Iliad and the Odyssey are two of the best Greek epics written by Homer. Despite their popularity, almost nothing is known about the author beyond the existence of his masterpieces. Surprisingly enough no concrete evidence of his existence is available; not even to confirm the same person created the two works. The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey were debated even in the times of the ancient Greeks. Many scholars have arguedRead MoreAnalysis Of Virgil s The Aeneid1791 Words   |  8 PagesObligation is a repeating topic all through Virgil s The Aeneid. It assumes a critical part as a key character attribute for the people that we experience. In the event that one takes the hero Aeneas aside and breaks down his tireless adherence to his own fate, alongside his unending sympathy toward the welfare of his Trojan individuals, one could captivate the thought that his devotion and obligation anticipate the idea of obligation to the Republic and submission to Caesar that may ha ve won inRead MoreAnalysis Of Vergil s Aeneid As A National Epic1616 Words   |  7 PagesIf one is to read Vergil’s Aeneid as a national epic that supports and justifies the lineage of the new Imperial order, then one could also logically infer that the protagonist of the Aeneid, Aeneas, would be an embodiment of the ideal Roman leader. Indeed, Aeneas is constant in his patriotism, loyalty to his family and friends, and his extreme sense of duty to the greater good of his countrymen – in other words, Aeneas perfectly embodies the Roman idea of â€Å"pietas/duty†. Yet Aeneas is also an extremelyRead MoreThe Aeneid Analysis815 Words   |  4 Pageschange certain aspects of themselves. Many people, teens especially, in the LGBTQ community feel the need to hide major parts of themselves so that the people around them feel more at ease or even so that they will be safe in their own home. In The Aeneid â€Å"Book IV,† Dido felt like she had to be with men in order to be accepted by her own city. Virgil uses Dido’s two fake husbands to show that coming out is hard. Not only is the process of coming out very freeing, it can also be very depressing. HowRead MoreAeneid Analysis1416 Words   |  6 Pages THE AENEID:Problems encountered by readers The author of Aeneid: Virgil, used many resources to come up with one of the most influential piece of work in the history of poetry. While writing the Aeneid, Virgil was most influenced by the literally work of another renowned author known as Homer who hailed from Greek. The Aeneid is an epic poem that narrates the adventures of its main character and hero who is known as Aeneus. Aeneus is a renowned Trojan hero, he survived the fall of troy and fledRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Aeneid1846 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis of Virgils Aeneid In The Aeneid, Virgil uses many prophecies. They begin in the first few lines and last throughout the poem. Many are directed toward Aeneas, but some are to his relatives and friends. The prophecies shown allow the reader to better understand the situation and also provide insight about Rome. Prophecies are an important key to The Aeneid. Prophecies are very important to Virgil’s The Aeneid. Early on, Virgil does not hide what will happen, but instead, he allowsRead MoreJupiter s Aeneid : Fama And Imperium1245 Words   |  5 Pagesor in the Latin terms, fama and imperium. Through the analysis of her structure, sources, and discourse community, I will examine how Hejduk’s argument is structured and how she conveys her message through how she uses her sources, both primary and secondary, as well and see how she cites her secondary sources throughout the paper, and how she does this to create a discussion within her academic community. Hejduk’s article â€Å"Jupiter’s Aeneid: Fama and Imperium† challenges readers of the Roman epicRead MoreLiterary Theorist Thomas Pavel Takes A New Approach In1021 Words   |  5 Pagesconsists of arguing that while Levi-Strauss’s structuralist interpretation of myth is important, it is too simplistic and does not suffice in giving an accurate analysis alone. He essentially uses Levi-Strauss s binaries as framework to approach the myth, but focuses on details within the oppositions to depict the consequences of action. In the Aeneid, an epic poem by Virgil, the binary opposition of voluntary associations versus blood relations is presented through Aeneas’s relationship with his father

Business Strategy Resources and Corporate Strategy

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Strategy forResources and Corporate Strategy Answer: Introduction: The three tangible assets for Wells Fargo Bank are stocks, distribution channels, loan, and advances. The three intangible assets are goodwill, copyrights and brand name of the firm within the concerned market segments (Montgomery, 2005). Moreover, three capabilities of Wells Fargo Bank the firm are supply chain management system, marketing and product and finances flow. Three of the above resources play the major role in enhancing the growth of any of the concerned firm, but intangible resources contribute more towards the enhancement of the firm. Therefore, intangible resources like the good will, reputation and the brand name of the firm creates an enormous impact on the clients and increases the profitability of the firm. Moreover, in making the good will of the firm it is evident to assist the clients with the best quality of the services as this will help in providing satisfaction to the customers (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson, 2015). The brand name is created by delivering the best quality of the products and services for a longer period of time and therefore, the intangible assets may be taken as the most crucial resources needed for the development of the firm. Each and every resource listed above are of great importance, but considering a few of the capabilities could be treated as least important such as the marketing and promotion of the firm. If a company has the brand reputation, there is no need of doing an effective promotion as the reputation of the firm will automatically attract the customers within the firm (Montgomery, 2005). Therefore, this may be regarded as the least important for the development of the business process of any of the concerned firm. References Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R. (2015).Strategic management. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Montgomery, C. (2005).Resources and Corporate Strategy. United States: Harvard Business School Faculty Seminar Series. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Music and its deception Essay Example For Students

Music and its deception Essay Daniel Music and its Deception Year after year various artists release new music. With every new year comes more and more aggressive and provocative music than the previous year. In todays culture and society we find youth rebelling, choosing a less successful route to pursue. In the blob Music and the Influence on Society by Kind, she states that music doesnt have a direct influence on todays violence or teen behavior. Whether music is a direct or indirect factor, it is obvious that music is present in our everyday lives and it can influence us to some extent. But how much does it affect society? Specifically rap music, rap musics influence on todays society has a negative connation: it promotes negative behavior, violence and reckless attitudes. Music is inevitable, it is playing constantly at coffee shops, or clothing stores, and booming out of earphones. What type of music society listens to determines what kind of choices and behaviors they partake in. Music is not the only factor that has an influence on todays culture, but the things we watch, the groups we hang around with (Hubcaps). All these things come in to play when were talking about what molded you to be the person you are today. But how much of an effect does music have on our lives? Very slim? Possibly, but it is evident that music is becoming more and more influential to teens as we progress as a society. Our culture today is confused and trying to find themselves in other peoples lives. Many teens seek their personal identity in things such as television, friends, and first and foremost, artists. One cannot fathom how easily accessible music is to everyone. A couple years ago people walked around with CD players, now a high number of people have a form of an MPH player. Mainly the ones who have hose devices are teens. The article Under the Influence Of Music? describes a study conducted about the influence of music. One of the outcomes of the study was that nearly 9 out of 10 adolescents and teens have an MPH player or a compact disc player in their bedrooms (Parker-pope), when music is that accessible its easy for someone to become stuck in a rut and begin to be molded by music. When something is repeated to an individual, eventually that individual will begin to believe it. The teenagers that have this access to music can be molded and is being molded y what they listen to. Rap music is negative, when society thinks of rap the mental image that comes up is of a gangster, for lack of better terms. It would be subjective to say that every teen that has an MPH player is influenced negatively, but what is evident is that there is a higher rate of teens being exposed to music that promotes drugs, alcohol, sex and violence as a norm. The blob Music and the influence on society by Kind, describes that parents and society are trying to blame music and its content for the negative behavior that their sons and daughters participate in. Kind makes the point that society is wrong in doing so because the environment and the culture the teens grow up in play a role in the conduct of their children (Hubcaps). Music has a lot more influence than one wants to believe and admit. Rap Music can be destructive, yes rap music may have a comely beat to it and may music and its deception By duodenum very Judgment on what is wrong and right. Society may not realize it, but propinquity to violence takes place in their lives when they listen to music with lyrics that promote this negative behavior. Lyrics such as: This is how we used to make the arty start, We used to mix Hen with Baccarat Dark -Mine (Drug Ballard) Clearly show that the good life was back in the day when they would get drunk and mix drinks, promoting negative attitudes and behavior in teens. When teenagers indulge their thoughts in these types of lyrics they begin to want what the artist is doing or describing. Some teens try to find themselves in music and find comfort in lyrics. A lot of times teens can easily relate because the artist sings about something they may have gone through and quickly they adapt it to their lives. Teenagers begin o resolve their problems with the same behavior the artists participated in. It is easy to drink and indulge in this behavior; this behavior then can possibly lead to violence. Liquor is unpredictable because it affects people differently so much that it is linked to violence. Rap music has a catalyst effect on behavior that can lead to negative behavior. Parker-Pope states in his article Under the Influence of Music? That teens tend to spend at least two and a half hours of the day listening to music. One in three popular songs contains explicit references to drug or alcohol use, according to a new report in The Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (Packer-Pope), which means they are receiving about thirty-five references to substance use a hour (Parker-pope). Of course that doesnt mean that everyone is listeni ng to music with foul language and references to drug and alcohol, but it does limit the amount of music that one can listen to that doesnt have a reference to substance abuse. Music Piracy Argumentative EssayOr that gym plastic that pumps us up, even a plastic to do homework. But the majority of the time we listen to the popular music that is mainstream. The new album from Kindlier Lamar, a rising and influential rapper, was released and everyone Jumps on it and quickly adapts the lyrics to their life as if they have used them before. It is so easy to relate to USIA because a lot of the time artists incorporate topics into their music that their fans can relate to. When people can relate to things thats when there is an impact, and the listener then can easily be influenced. A sense of kinship grows and they begin to bob their heads to the beat and soon they are reciting the lyrics. It is more than Just reciting the lyrics, the listener begins to apply the artists thoughts and mistaken the artists thoughts for theirs. The study authors noted that music use (Parker-pope) that can lead to confusion. Teens today are more confused than veer. They grow up seeing a pop-culture full of abnormalities, and take it for a norm. Teens take in these images at a young age and reveal them at a later age. The reason for this is because at a young age adolescents are still under the rules of their parents, but as they age these rules disintegrate and the parents become liberal. Parents become liberal in the sense that they begin to allow the teens to make their own choices. The parents no longer check their pods or phone and stop caring about what their children are exposed to. They no longer take the initiative to tell their hillier to not listen to certain artists. When this happens the teenager get a mixed message, they become even more confused. At one point in their lives their parents monitor what they are exposed to and tell them what is acceptable and what is not. Then a couple of years later they stop worrying and the children are now listening to music with negative conations. Once the teens grow into their own personalities they show their true colors, or the colors of the artists and music they listen to. Then society looks down at this class of kids because they are the problem, when really hey are not to blame. The musicians are to blame for allowing that type of music to be released, they are aware of what they put in their lyrics. Music is progressively becoming more aggressive and raw. In the last decade alone so much has happened that society cannot blame the individual for the code of conduct. But better yet society should recognize that we are all to blame. Society accepts this music as well and allows young children to listen to it and soon they are regretting it. This phenomenon of music changing ones attitude seemed elusive, so I conducted an informal study. My study was composed of interviews with various ASS students. My first interviewee was Allele Olson. I asked her Me: Does rap music have a negative effect on your attitude? Before ASS I never listened to rap or used foul language. Now I listen to it daily and have found myself using foul language in my every day conversations. So yea, rap has changed my attitude now that I think about it. - Allele Olson. I decided to ask two more students asking the same question, Does rap music have a negative effect on your attitude? l have listened to rap all my life, as a result I can honestly say that I am cackles and have disrespectful use of words. But in all honesty I dont really care. Jake Hyde. Rap music isnt that big of a deal for me, but I do see how rap music can have a bad influence. Like rappers are so raw and sometimes can be a bit to raw that they expose teens to things that they shouldnt have. Maybe they would have been exposed to that regardless but the thing is their music is what exposed them to it. Dustin Lacy These three students admitted to rap music having an influence on behavior. Two of them admitted that rap music affected them directly and Lacy dated that he can see how it can effect teens. Pop-culture has evolved to become influential to all ages. People from all ages are having more accessibility to music. Music is much more convenient to obtain, and it is up to each individual to choose what style of music to listen to. Even if one decides to not listen to rap there are other ways to get exposed to aggressive music. Rap music is the backbone to the reckless behavior that teenagers are indulging in today. It is a disease that is incurable because of its tenacity to expose teenagers to negative behavior. Music is one of the matters.

Begash (Kazakhstan)

Begash (Kazakhstan) Begash is a Eurasian pastoralist campsite, located in Semirchye in the piedmont zone of the Dzhungar Mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan, which was occupied episodically between ~2500 BC to AD 1900. The site is located at about 950 meters (3110 feet) above sea level, in a flat ravine terrace enclosed by canyon walls and along a spring-fed stream. Archaeological evidence at the site contains information about some of the earliest pastoralist Steppe Society communities; the important archaeobotanical evidence suggests Begash may have been on the route which moved domestic plants from the point of domestication into the broader world. Timeline and Chronology Archaeological investigations have identified six major phases of occupations. Phase 6 (cal AD 1680-1900), HistoricPhase 5 (cal AD 1260-1410), MedievalPhase 4 (cal AD 70-550), Late Iron AgePhase 3 (970 cal BC-30 cal AD), Early Iron AgePhase 2 (1625-1000 cal BC), Middle-Late Bronze AgePhase 1 (2450-1700 cal BC), Early-Middle Bronze Age A stone foundation for a single house is the earliest structure, built at Begash during Phase Ia. A cist burial, characteristic of other late Bronze Age and Iron Age kurgan burials, contained a cremation: near it was a ritual fire pit. Artifacts associated with Phase 1 include pottery with textile impressions; stone tools including grinders and micro-blades. Phase 2 saw an increase in the number of houses, as well and hearths and pit features; this last was evidence of roughly 600 years of periodic occupation, rather than a permanent settlement. Phase 3 represents the early Iron Age, and contains the pit burial of a young adult woman. Beginning about 390 cal BC, the first substantial residence at the site was built, consisting of two quadrilateral houses with central stone-lined fire-pits and hard-packed floors. The houses were multi-roomed, with stone lined postholes for central roof support. Trash pits and fire-pits are found between the houses. During Phase 4, occupation at Begash is again intermittent, a number of hearths and trash pits have been identified, but not much else. The final phases of occupation, 5 and 6, have substantial large rectangular foundations and corrals still detectable on the modern surface. Plants from Begash Within soils samples taken from the Phase 1a burial cist and associated funerary fire pit were discovered seeds of domesticated wheat, broomcorn millet and barley. This evidence is interpreted by the excavators, an assertion supported by many other scholars, as indication of a distinct route of transmission of wheat and millet from the central Asian mountains and into the steppes by the late 3rd millennium BC (Frachetti et al. 2010). The wheat consisted of 13 whole seeds of domesticated compact free-threshing wheat, either Triticum aestivum or T. turgidum. Frachetti et al. report that the wheat compares favorably to that from the Indus Valley region in Mehrgarh and other Harappan sites, ca. 2500-2000 cal BC and from Sarazm in western Tajikistan, ca. 2600-2000 BC. A total of 61 carbonized broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds were recovered from various Phase 1a contexts, one of which was direct-dated to 2460-2190 cal BC. One barley grain and 26 cerealia (grains unidentified to species), were also recovered from the same contexts. Other seeds found within the soil samples are wild Chenopodium album, Hyoscyamus spp. (also known as nightshade), Galium spp. (bedstraw) and Stipa spp. (feathergrass or spear grass). See Frachetti et al. 2010 and Spengler et al. 2014 for additional details. Domesticated wheat, broomcorn millet and barley found in this context is surprising, given that the people who occupied Begash were clearly nomadic pastoralists, not farmers. The seeds were found in a ritual context, and Frachetti and colleagues suggest that the botanical evidence represents both a ritual exploitation of exotic foods, and an early trajectory for the diffusion of domestic crops from their points of origin into the broader world. Animal Bones The faunal evidence (nearly 22,000 bones and bone fragments) at Begash contradicts the traditional notion that the emergence of Eurasian pastoralism was sparked by horse riding. Sheep/goat are the most prevalent species within the assemblages, as much as 75% of identified minimum number of individuals (MNI) in the earliest phases to just under 50% in Phase 6. Although distinguishing sheep from goats is notoriously difficult, sheep are much more frequently identified in the Begash assemblage than goats. Cattle are the next most frequently found, making up between 18-32% of the faunal assemblages throughout the occupations; with horse remains not present at all until ca 1950 BC, and then in slowly increasing percentages to around 12% by the medieval period. Other domestic animals include dog and Bactrian camel, and wild species are dominated by red deer (Cervus elaphus) and, in the later period, goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Key species at the earliest Middle and Bronze age levels at Begash indicates that sheep/goats and cattle were the predominant species. Unlike other steppe communities, it seems apparent that the earliest phases at Begash were not based on horse riding, but rather began with Eurasian pastoralists. See Frachetti and Benecke for details. Outram et al. (2012), however, have argued that the results from Begash should not be considered necessarily typical of all steppe societies. Their 2012 article compared proportions of cattle, sheep and horses from six other Bronze Age sites in Kazakhstan, to show that dependence on horses seems to varied widely from site to site. Textiles and Pottery Textile-impressed pottery from Begash dated to the Early/Middle and Late Bronze ages reported in 2012 (Doumani and Frachetti) provide evidence for a wide variety of woven textiles in the southeastern steppe zone, beginning in the early Bronze Age. Such a wide variety of woven patterns, including a weft-faced cloth, implies interaction between pastoral and hunter-gatherer societies from the northern steppe with pastoralists to the southeast. Such interaction is likely, say Doumani and Frachetti, to be associated with trade networks postulated to have been established no later than the 3rd millinennium BC. These trade networks are believed to have spread animal and plant domestication out of the along the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. Archaeology Begash was excavated during the first decade of the 21st century, by the joint Kazakh-American Dzhungar Mountains Archaeology Project (DMAP) under the direction of Alexei N. Maryashev and Michael Frachetti. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Sources for this article are listed on page two. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Betts A, Jia PW, and Dodson J. 2013 The origins of wheat in China and potential pathways for its introduction: A review. Quaternary International in press. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.044 d’Alpoim Guedes J, Lu H, Li Y, Spengler R, Wu X, and Aldenderfer M. 2013. Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s12520-013-0153-4 Doumani PN, and Frachetti MD. 2012. Bronze Age textile evidence in ceramic impressions: weaving and pottery technology among mobile pastoralists of central Eurasia. Antiquity 86(332):368-382. Frachetti MD, and Benecke N. 2009. From sheep to (some) horses: 4500 years of herd structure at the pastoralist settlement of Begash (south-eastern Kazakhstan). Antiquity 83(322):1023-1027. Frachetti MD, and Maryashev AN. 2007. Long-Term Occupation and Seasonal Settlement of Eastern Eurasian Pastoralists at Begash, Kazakhstan. Journal of Field Archaeology 32(3):221-242. doi: 10.1179/009346907791071520 Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010. Outram AK, Kasparov A, Stear NA, Varfolomeev V, Usmanova E, and Evershed RP. 2012. Patterns of pastoralism in later Bronze Age Kazakhstan: new evidence from faunal and lipid residue analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7):2424-2435. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.009 Spengler III RN. 2013. Botanical Resource Use in the Bronze and Iron Age of the Central Eurasian Mountain/Steppe Interface: Decision Making in Multiresource Pastoral Economies. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University in St. Louis. Spengler III RN, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M, Cattani M, and Rouse L. 2014. Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab alluvial fan, southern Central Asia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany in press. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0448-0 Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382

Ischemic Stroke Essays

Ischemic Stroke Essays Ischemic Stroke Essay Ischemic Stroke Essay A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is partially or completely reduced, depriving the brain of necessary blood and oxygen and ultimately causing brain damage. There are two main types of stroke, ischemic and hemorrhagic, but for the purpose of this paper, the focus will be on ischemic stroke. Ischemic strokes account for approximately 87% of all stoke cases and occur as the result of an obstruction within a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. The obstruction can either be a cerebral thrombosis or a cerebral embolism. An ischemic stroke would be classified as thrombotic if the clot forms in an artery that is already very narrow. In contrast, a stroke would be classified as embolic when a clot forms in another part of the circulatory system and then proceeds to travel to brain and causes a blockage in smaller vessels. The underlying cause of ischemic strokes is atherosclerosis, which is defined the buildup of fatty deposits inside the vessel walls and it is the buildup of these fatty deposits that leads to blockages, and ultimately stroke. There are many different factors that contribute to an individual’s risk of experiencing a stroke. Some risk factors can be reduced, treated, and changed, but others are more permanent and serve as lifelong risks. For instance, an example of a long term effect would be that the risk of suffering from a stroke increases with age and approximately doubles each decade after an individual reaches the age of 55. Stroke is also more common among men than women and the risk for experiencing a stroke increases if there is a family history of it as well. In contrast, factors such as poor diet, smoking cigarettes, and a lack of physical activity are risk factors for stroke that can be controlled and reduced. High blood pressure is also one of the leading causes of stroke, as well as high blood cholesterol and heart disease. These risks are typically considered high risk and are associated with less healthy lifestyles, but do have the potential to be overcome given a proper diet and exercise plan. Symptoms Identifying the symptoms of stroke is essential to recovery, since the longer it goes untreated, the greater the chance of severe brain damage and disability. One of the common symptoms of stroke is lack of coordination. Individuals may face difficulties walking, experience dizziness, or be prone to lose balance and stumble. Another common symptom of stroke is difficulty speaking. Individuals experiencing a stroke may slur their words and some may have difficulty understanding speech as well. In addition, another symptom of stroke is paralysis or numbness of the face, arms, or legs. When this occurs, it is important to note that paralysis is most often is present on one side of the body, but can be seen in both sides as well. Difficulty with one’s vision is also a symptom of stroke and can be present in either one or both eyes. The sudden appearance of a severe headache is additionally a symptom and is often accompanied by dizziness and vomiting. All symptoms of stroke need to be taken seriously and individual’s displaying them should be rushed to a hospital as soon as possible. Treatment and Recovery As mentioned earlier, the longer a stroke goes undiagnosed, the greater the probability of severe brain damage and disability. Furthermore, treatment of stroke is most effective in the early stages, specifically within the first three hours. This section will look at the different treatment and recovery options for individuals suffering from ischemic strokes. Treatment In regards to treatment of an ischemic stroke, doctors typically first rely on thrombolytic medication to help break down the clot and restore blood flow to the brain. Aspirin is typically given after an ischemic stroke to prevent the formation of additional clots and reduce the likelihood of another stroke. Heparin is another blood thinning agent that may be used in the case of an ischemic stroke, however it is far less common since its effectiveness in emergency settings has yet to be fully determined. The use of an injection of tissue plasminogen activator, TPA, is a technique used by doctors to treat ischemic stroke, but it is only effective within the first three to four hours after the symptoms first began. TPA is administered through a vein in the arm and works to help dissolve the blood clot and reduce the effects of stroke. However, the drug does increase the chance of a brain bleed, and the majority of people admitted to the hospital for an ischemic stroke come in too late to receive the medication. In addition to the use of medication to combat ischemic strokes, doctors may also resort to emergency procedures as well. For instance doctors may make the decision to directly input TPA into the brain through the use of a catheter that is inserted into an artery in the groin area and maneuvered to the area of the brain where the stroke is occurring. This treatment option is more invasive, but gives doctors a greater window of treatment and requires smaller amounts of the drug which reduces the risk of bleeding. Doctors may also elect to use mechanical clot removal to treat an ischemic stroke. This procedural entails a doctor inserting a catheter with a mechanical device on the end and maneuvering it inside the brain to physically remove the clot. However, if the clot is not visible, this mechanical method is not viable. Recovery After the initial emergency treatment of an ischemic stroke, the focus shifts to the recovery process which involves helping patients recover their strength and regain as much function and sense of independence as possible. Rehabilitation typically begins in the hospital and continues at home or in an outpatient facility after the patient is discharged. No two rehabilitation programs are exactly the same, and in order for them to be most effective, they must be tailored to meet the patient’s needs. Some of the common issues addressed within stroke rehabilitation include: vision problems, difficulty sleeping, seizures, incontinence, paralysis, dysphagia, hemiparesis, spasticity, foot drop, aphasia and memory problems, and fatigue. As mentioned earlier, treatment plans are typically customized based on the needs of the patient, but we will look at a few treatment options that are commonly used for stroke victims. One of the most common impairments associated with stroke is paralysis. Hemiparesis, which is weakness or partial paralysis of one side of the body, is the form of paralysis most common amongst stroke victims. This can cause a loss of balance for the individual as well as muscle fatigue, a lack of coordination, and difficulty walking and grasping objects. There are various treatment methods to combat hemiparesis, but one of the most common methods is modified constraint-induced therapy. This involves forcing the patient to use their weak side to perform certain tasks by restricting the use of the less affected side of the body. Electrical stimulation and cortical stimulation are two other treatments options that can be used through the use of electrodes to stimulate the weakened body part or the brain in the hopes of the patient regaining their mobility. These treatment methods can also be applied to other forms of paralysis associated with stroke such as spasticity and foot drop. Spasticity and foot drop can also be treated through the use of stretching exercises that help improve range of motion and flexibility while also reducing pain and discomfort. Furthermore, an additional form of paralysis associated with stroke is dysphagia, which is paralysis of the throat muscles. This can lead to problems swallowing, eating, drinking, and breathing. There are a variety of rehabilitation methods to help lesson symptoms, including swallow therapy, special exercises, medication, and surgery. Surgery is the most extensive option and is typically reserved for severe cases, but has shown to be effective in the past. Swallow therapy and exercises are often used as well and involve the use of electric stimulation to improve swallowing and exercises to strengthen throat muscles. All of these rehabilitation techniques can be coupled with medications such as muscle relaxers in order to increase the effectiveness of the therapies being used on the individual. Incontinence is also another common result of stroke and affects approximately 40-60% of stroke victims. Treatment can involve a variety of methods including but not limited to medication, bladder and bowel training, surgery, the use of a catheter, and behavioral and physical therapies. In addition to incontinence, seizures are also a side effect associated with ischemic stroke but is far less common. Antiepileptic drugs are the most common treatment method for stroke, however, they need to be carefully administered given the that they can sometimes have a negative impact on overall stroke recovery. To combat seizures due to stroke, surgery is sometimes presented as an option, as well as the implementation of a vagus nerve stimulator to help prevent future seizures, but these treatment methods are more invasive and come with a higher risk. Aphasia and memory problems are two cognitive effects of stroke that impact a multitude of individuals. Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects an individual’s ability to both comprehend and use language. Aphasia is often treated using melodic intonation therapy, art therapy, visual speech perception therapy, constraint-induced language therapy, and group therapy. However, the most common treatment for aphasia is speech therapy, which uses special exercises and techniques to improve the patient’s ability to speak. In order to combat memory problems, neuropsychological rehabilitation, cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training are used to help improve alertness, attention to detail, recall, and the ability to function independently. Treatment in these two areas is highly important and successful rehabilitation can provide stroke victims with a better quality of life and sense of independence. Conclusion The outlook for victims of strokes varies on a case to case basis, but if caught early, there is a greater chance of a more effective recovery. The type of stroke also greatly impacts survival rates, with individuals with ischemic strokes having more positive outlooks than individuals who suffer a hemorrhagic stroke. In emergency treatment of a stroke, doctors will initially attempt acute treatment methods in the hopes of breaking up and dissolving the clot, however the most effective treatments have a limited time frame of use. Post stroke rehabilitation varies from patient to patient and is customized to fit a patient’s needs. It is often a lengthy process but in the end the results have the potential to be very positive and most patients see an improvement in their overall quality of life.

Key Factors that Underpin a Successful Entrepreneurial Team Engaged in Essay

Key Factors that Underpin a Successful Entrepreneurial Team Engaged in Setting up a Business - Essay Example He is also responsible to bring innovation in the business from time to time. All the entrepreneurial activities have to be planned in an effective way for succeeding in the venture. The business plans can range from plans for operation to strategic planning and financial planning. All these plans must be integrated in such a way so that the enterprise could achieve the desired objectives. The various departments should be linked with each other so that a proper coordination can be achieved among them. Nowadays enterprise is not only established by one person but a group of people who have common interest and work for the business. They work as a team in pursuit of the organisational goal. They are the entrepreneurial team. For the success of such type of entrepreneurial teams, every team member must have the qualities of the entrepreneur. They must have the vision, the capacity to arrange the resources and must act as per the plan. Apart from the basic entrepreneurial skills, there are other factors which lead the entrepreneurial teams to success. The success of an entrepreneur or the entrepreneurial team depends upon the success of the enterprise. ... , analysing the competition in the chosen field, analysing the operational work, analysing the human resource requirement, checking the financial viability of the business etc. This is a primary and very important step of setting up a business. Once the business plan is ready the next step is to analyse and take the assistance required for stating the business. The third step is to choose the location of the business. This step requires the analysis of the format of the business and the competitors. The location should be such which could be easily accessible to the customers and the suppli8ers, close to the competitors etc. The next step is to finance the business. This includes arranging the fund for the operations of the venture. Once the finance for the venture is arranged, the next step is to determine the structure of the business. In this step the suitable legal structure is determined according to the government rules and taxation policies and also the viability of the busine ss. The next step is to get the business registered as per the rules and regulations of the state. Once the business is registered, the next step is to register the organisation for the local taxes and the other taxes. After all types of registrations is done one applies for the required licences and permits for operating the business. This is a legal requirement without which an enterprise cannot function in the market. The last step for setting up a new business is to hire the required and efficient human resource needed for the enterprise (US Small Business Administration, No Date). Entrepreneurial process In the previous section the basic steps required for setting up a new business has been discussed. The entrepreneurial process is also to an extent similar to those steps. The